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Low Back Pain En Español (Spanish Version)More InDepth Information on This ConditionLow back pain is an ache or discomfort in the area of the lower part of the back and spinal column. The lower spinal column consists of many small bones that surround and protect the spinal cord and nerves. Low back pain is very common, affecting most adults at some point in their lives. Bones of the Lower Back © 2011 Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
There are many possible causes for low back pain, including:
These factors increase your chance of developing low back pain. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors:
- Older age
- Certain activities (such as lifting)
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Injury
-
Preexisting back injury due to:
- Lifting a heavy object
- Improper lifting
- Sudden movement, bending, or twisting
- Prolonged sitting or standing
- Bad posture
- Vibration from vehicles or heavy equipment
- Prior back surgery
-
Other factors which may negatively influence back pain include:
- Psychological factors, such as low job satisfaction
- Fatigue or sleep deficit
- Drug
or
alcohol abuse
- Stress
Pain is usually localized in the low back. It gets worse with back motion, sitting, standing, bending, and twisting. If a nerve is irritated, the pain may extend into the buttock or leg on the affected side, and muscle weakness or numbness may be present. It usually gets better with rest, and there is good bowel and bladder control.
More serious symptoms associated with back pain that may require immediate medical attention include:
- Pain that is severe or that has gotten dramatically worse
- Progressive weakness in a leg or foot
- Difficulty walking, standing, or moving
- Numbness in the genital or rectal area
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Difficulty with urination
- Fever, unexplained weight loss, or other signs of illness
- Pain that awakes you from sleep at night
Pain that doesn't improve or worsens with rest (even at night) may be an indication of a more serious disease. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. In particular, the doctor will examine your back, hips, and legs and usually will test for strength, flexibility, sensation, and reflexes.
Other tests include:
- X-rays
—a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones. This test is usually done if you are over 50 years old or have persistent symptoms for more than a week. This test has its limitations in that it does not show herniated discs or spinal stenosis
- CT scan
—a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the body. This test provides a good picture of the vertebrae and the spinal canal. This test is done when there are persistent symptoms.
- MRI scan
—a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body and shows the intervertebral discs and any abnormality of the discs. This test is done when there are persistent symptoms.
- Bone scan
—a test to determine mineralization of the bones
- Blood tests—such as complete blood count (CBC) or sedimentation rate
- Urine test—to check for urinary infection or blood in the urine
It's important to keep in mind that imaging tests, like CT or MRI scan, may not be helpful immediately after a back injury. Treatment options include: Bed rest is not generally recommended in normal individuals. It is only recommended in those with severe debilitating back pain, and for not more that 1-2 days. Your doctor may recommend that you restrict activities for a period of time, then resume activities as soon as possible. By staying active and exercising you may be able to shorten your recovery time. -
Pain relievers, such as
acetaminophen
(Tylenol),
aspirin
(Bayer), or
ibuprofen
(Motrin, Advil)
- Muscle relaxants for muscle spasm—These medicines are not used in cases where you need to be alert, such as driving or operating machinery.
- Cortisone injections
- Antidepressants—These may also be prescribed for chronic low back pain.
A physical therapy program may include: - Applying hot or cold packs
- Doing stretching, strengthening, and balance exercises for back and stomach muscles
- Participating in an aerobic exercise program (eg, walking, swimming)
- Learning about how to deal with back problems
- Getting
massage therapy—Massage might be helpful especially if it is combined with education and exercise.
- Undergoing ultrasound treatments or electrical stimulation
Only a small number of patients need surgery. It may be needed if nerve problems develop or other treatments fail to provide relief. Common procedures are
diskectomy
,
laminectomy
, and
spinal fusion
.
If you have low back pain, follow your doctor's
instructions
.
The following steps may help you avoid low back pain:
-
Begin a safe
exercise program
with the advice of your doctor.
-
Maintain a
healthy weight
.
-
If you smoke,
quit
.
- Practice good posture to reduce pressure on your spine.
- Avoid sitting or standing in one position for prolonged periods.
- If you must remain standing for long periods, rest one foot at a time on a small stool to relieve pressure on your low back.
- When lifting, hold the object close to your chest, maintain a straight back, and use your leg muscles to slowly rise.
- Avoid aggravating activities, for example bending, twisting, and sudden movements.
- Consider job retraining if your work requires a lot of heavy lifting or sitting.
- If you have back pain during pregnancy, try wearing a BellyBra. This is a special bra to support your back and abdomen.
While some people think that using shoe inserts will prevent back pain, so far there is not a lot of evidence to support this.
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Last Reviewed September 2011
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